
Since 2008, farmed lions from South Africa have also been used for an additional purpose. In South Africa, there are more than 400 registered facilities for breeding and rearing at least 7800 lions. Lions are raised and bred in commercial farming facilities around the world for a variety of uses, including trophy hunting, cub petting, wildlife viewing, and other forms of entertainment and education. Humans’ relationship with lions is a prime example of raising concerns about both conservation and animal welfare. As a matter of public policy, the practice is a complicated nexus of concerns for entrepreneurial freedom, wildlife conservation, and the fair treatment of animals.

We illustrated the technique using a case study focused on captive-bred lions, the skeletons of which form part of an international trade to supply traditional medicine markets in Southeast Asia with felid bones. We summarised the method with ten specific guidelines that would be applicable to any case. We showed how the formal analysis of ethical arguments can be used to engage stakeholders and decision-makers in decision-making processes. An ethical argument is a collection of premises, logically interrelated, to yield a conclusion that can be expressed in the form, “ We ought to…” According to the rules of logic, a conclusion is supported by an argument if all its premises are true or appropriate and when it contains no mistaken inferences.

A valuable tool for such evaluations is the formal analysis of ethical arguments.

Ethical considerations are challenging, in part, because they typically require accounting for the moral consideration of various human and nonhuman forms of life, whose interests sometimes conflict (or seem to conflict). Conservation and natural resource management are increasingly attending the ethical elements of public decisions.
